Paris Story of Nobel Prize in Literature Art Deco bronze medal by Torcheux

Description: Shipping from Europe with tracking number 67mm,180gr bronze ,Paris mint,1981 by TorcheuxJean-Paul Charles Emard Sartre ( fr. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre ; June 21, 1905 , Paris - April 15, 1980 , ibid.) - French philosopher , representative of atheistic existentialism (in 1952 - 1954, Sartre was inclined to Marxism , however, previously positioned himself as a left -wing person ), writer , playwright and essayist , teacher.Winner of the 1964 Nobel Prize for Literature , which he refused.Content1Biography2Creativity3Philosophical concept3.1Freedom3.2Alienation3.3Dialectics4Works4.1Artworks4.2Literary criticism4.3Philosophical and theoretical works4.4Political work4.5Books in Russian4.6Publications in Russian5Publications about J.-P. Sartre6notes7References7.1Writer7.2 TheThinker7.3PolicyBiography Jean-Paul Sartre was born in Paris and was the only child in the family. His father, Jean-Baptiste Sartre, naval officer of France , his mother, Anna-Maria Schweitzer. On the maternal side, Jean-Paul was a cousin of Albert Schweitzer . When Jean-Paul was 15 months old, his father died. The family moved to their parents' house in Medon .Sartre received his education in the Lyceums of La Rochelle , graduated from the Higher Normal School ( French École normale supérieure ) in Paris with a dissertation in philosophy, trained at the French Institute in Berlin (1934). He taught philosophy in various lyceums of France (1929-1939 and 1941-1944); since 1944 he devoted himself entirely to literary work. Even in his student years he met Simone de Beauvoir , who became not just a companion of his life, but also a like-minded author.In October 1945, together with Simone de Beauvoir and Maurice Merlot-Ponti, he founded the magazine “ New Times ” ( Les Temps modernes ).In 1949, he acted as a defender of the USSR and the Soviet system at the Kravchenko trial in Paris. He acted as a supporter of peace at the Vienna Congress of Peoples in defense of peace in 1952, in 1953 he was elected a member of the World Peace Council .Sarcastically mentioned in the 3rd volume of The Gulag Archipelago by Alexander Solzhenitsyn [1]In 1956, Sartre and the editors of New Times magazine distanced themselves (unlike Camus ) from accepting the ideas of French Algeria and supported the desire for independence of the Algerian people. Sartre speaks out against torture, defends the freedom of peoples to determine their fate, analyzes violence as a gang product of colonialism.After repeated threats by French nationalists, their apartment in the center of Paris was twice blown up ; Nationalist militants captured the editorial office of New Times five times.Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone Beauvoir talk with Che Guevara . Havana , February 1960Sartre, like many representatives of the intelligentsia of the Third World countries, actively supported the Cuban revolution of 1959 . In June 1960, he wrote 16 articles in France entitled “Sugar Hurricane”. At this time, he collaborated with the Cuban news agency Prensa Latina . But then there was a breakup [2] with Castro , in 1971 due to the "case of Padilla" when the Cuban poet Padilla was imprisoned for criticizing the Castro regime.Sartre took an active part in the Russell Tribunal for the investigation of war crimes committed in Vietnam. In 1967, the International War Crimes Tribunal held its two meetings - in Stockholm and in Roskilde, where Sartre made his sensational speech about the genocide , including in French Algeria.Sartre was a participant in the revolution in France in 1968 (you can even say its symbol: the rebellious students, having captured the Sorbonne , were allowed to enter Sartre alone), in the post-war years, numerous democratic, Maoist movements and organizations. He participated in protests against the Algerian war , the suppression of the Hungarian uprising of 1956 , the Vietnam War , against the invasion of American troops in Cuba , against the deployment of Soviet troops in Prague , against the suppression of dissent in the USSR . Throughout his life, his political positions fluctuated quite a lot, but always remained left, and Sartre always defended the rights of a destitute person, that same humiliated “Self-taught”, to quote the novel “ Nausea ”. In particular, he defended the arrested members of the RAF and personally Andreas Baader.In 1968, during student unrest in Paris, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to establish a student prize in his honor at the Sorbonne (the prize was supposed to be awarded for the best student essay on topics devoted to the problems of interpreting the concepts of freedom, existential choice and humanism in general)[ source not specified 1744 days ] .During the next protest, which grew into riots, J.-P. Sartre was detained, which caused student outrage. When Charles de Gaulle found out about this , he ordered Sartre to be released, saying: "France does not plant Voltaire." [1]Sartre's grave at the Montparnasse cemeteryJean-Paul Sartre died April 15, 1980 in Paris from pulmonary edema , and 50 thousand people escorted him on his last journey.Creativity Sartre's literary work began with the novel Nausea ( French: La Nausée ; 1938 ). Many critics consider this novel to be the best work of Sartre, in which it rises to the deepest ideas of the Gospel, but from atheistic positions.In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his work rich in ideas, permeated with the spirit of freedom and the search for truth, which had a great impact on our time . "He refused to accept this award, declaring his unwillingness to be indebted to any social institution and to question his independence. Similarly, in 1945, Sartre refused the Legion of Honor [3] . In addition, Sartre was embarrassed by the “bourgeois” and pronounced anti-Soviet orientation of the Nobel Committee, which, in his words (“Why I refused the prize,”) chose an unfortunate moment for the award — when Sartre openly criticized the USSR .In the same year, Sartre announced his rejection of literary activity, describing literature as a surrogate for the effective transformation of the world.Sartre's worldview was influenced, first of all, by Bergson , Husserl , Dostoevsky and Heidegger . He was fond of psychoanalysis . He wrote the preface to the book of Franz Fanon “The Curse of the Branded”, thereby contributing to the popularization of his ideas in Europe. He introduced the term “ Antiromanian ” into literary criticism , which became the designation of the literary trend.Philosophical concept Freedom [One of the central concepts for the whole philosophy of Sartre is the concept of freedom. In Sartre, freedom was presented as something absolute, once and for all given (“a person is condemned to be free”). It precedes the essence of man. Sartre understands freedom not as freedom of the spirit , leading to inaction, but as freedom of choice that no one can take from a person: the prisoner is free to decide whether to reconcile or fight for his release, and what will happen next depends on circumstances beyond the competence of the philosopher .Sartre's concept of free will unfolds in the theory of “project”, according to which the individual is not set up for himself, but projects, “assembles” himself as such. Thus, he is fully responsible for himself and for his actions. To characterize Sartre’s position, they themselves use the quotation from Ponge, given in the article “Existentialism is Humanism” : “Man is the future of man.”"Existence" is a constantly living moment of activity, taken subjectively. This concept does not denote a stable substance, but a constant loss of balance. In "Nausea," Sartre shows that the world has no meaning, the "I" has no purpose. Through the act of consciousness and choice, “I” gives the world meaning and value.It is human activity that gives meaning to the outside world. Objects are signs of individual human meanings. Beyond this, they are just given, passive and inert circumstances. Giving them one or another individual human meaning, meaning, a person forms himself as one or another outlined individuality.Alienation The concept of “ alienation ” is associated with the concept of freedom . Sartre understands the modern individual as an alienated being: his personality is standardized (as a waiter with a professional smile and accurately calculated movements is standardized); it is subordinated to various social institutions, which, as it were, “stand” above a person, but do not come from him (for example, a state that represents an alienated phenomenon - the alienation of an individual’s ability to take part in joint business management), and therefore is deprived of the most important thing - the ability to create my history.A man alienated from himself has problems with material objects - they press on him with his obsessive existence, their viscous and solid-motionless presence, causing “nausea” (Antoine Rocanten’s nausea in the work of the same name ). In contrast, Sartre affirms special, immediate, integral human relationships.Dialectics The essence of dialectics is a synthetic unification into wholeness (“totalization”), since only within integrity do dialectic laws make sense. The individual “totalizes” material circumstances and relations with other people and creates history itself, in the same measure as it does it. Objective economic and social structures act as a whole as an alienated superstructure over the internally individual elements of the “project”. The requirement of totalization assumes that a person is revealed in all its manifestations as a whole.Totalization expands the space of human freedom, as the individual realizes that the story is created by himself.Sartre insists that the dialectic comes precisely from the individual, because it implies its fundamental cognizability, "transparency" and "rationality", as a result of the direct coincidence of human activity and cognition of this activity (making an act, a person thinks that he knows why he commits it). Since there is none of this in nature, Sartre rejects the dialectic of nature, putting forward a whole series of arguments against it.

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